International Journal of Agriculture, Biology & Environment (e-ISSN 2582-6107) DOI: 10.47504/IJAGRI
International Journal of Agriculture, Biology & Environment (IJAGRI) publishes new ideas, the state of the art research results, and fundamental advances in all fields of agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences related to Agriculture, as reviews, research articles, and short communications. The IJAGRI Journal is the Agricultural Science, journal with e-ISSN: 2582-6107, and DOI: 10.47504/IJAGRI publishes original research articles, review articles, and letters to the editor. Openly accessible IJAGRI provides wider sharing of knowledge and the acceleration of research, and is thus in the best interest of authors, and potential readers, and increases the availability, accessibility, visibility, and impact of the papers, and the journal as a whole.
Agrisathi: A Multilingual AI-Based Advisory Platform for Smallholder Farmers in India
India is home to over 120 million smallholder farmers, yet more than 80% lack timely access to expert agricultural advice, modern tools, or reliable markets, resulting in frequent crop losses, low productivity, and a widening digital divide. This paper presents AgriSathi, a multilingual, voice-assisted mobile platform designed to bridge these gaps by offering personalized crop advisory and real-time disease detection using artificial intelligence (AI). The platform integrates a regional-language voice assistant, image-based plant disease recognition, and a gamified community engagement model (AgriCreds) that incentivizes peer-to-peer support. Additionally, AgriSathi connects users to government schemes and verified agri-input providers, making it accessible even to digitally inexperienced farmers. This study outlines the system's architecture, technical methodologies, AI models employed, and its potential socio-economic impact on India's agricultural ecosystem.
Agriculture, Digital Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Rural Development, Smallholder Farming, Crop Disease Detection
Copyright (c) 2025 Lobsang Tsetan Shakya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ability of Haematostaphis barteri Hook F. to air layering in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Cameroon
Haematostaphis barteri is a highly valued wild species of socio-economic interest that is under multifaceted pressure. Indeed, excessive use of this plant leads to a repressive dynamic in its population. The objective of this work is to evaluate the aptitude of Haematostaphis barteri for air layering. The layering technique used consists of girdling the branch in order to remove the bark over a length of 6 or 7cm until the wood appears. Then, the cambium is thoroughly scraped and the phloem is thoroughly removed. Three trials were conducted. The first and second were carried out in august 2023, they consisted of determining the favorable period for air layering by quantifying carbohydrates on the mother plants of the species during the year(trial 1). For experiment two, the substrates used consisted of back soil; the black soil/sawdust mixture (40/60%); the spent grain of traditional beer and the foam. the experimental unit consisted of 10 layers. That is, a total of 120 layers(10 x 4 x 3). The experimental devise used was a completely randomiwed block for the first, two trials. The last experiment was carriedout in june 2024. Thus, using the tailor’s tape, three ranges of branch diameter [2-4[cm; [4-6[cm; [6-8 [cm were examined in the best substrate of the previous trial. That is, a total of 180 layers (10 x 3 x 2 x 3) were placed. The experiment design used is a Split-plot with 3 repetitions. The results of this study show that the quantification of sugars shows that the favorable period for conducting aerial layering of the species is the beginning of the rainy season. Haematostaphis barteri has a good aptitude for air layering. The type of substrate, the diameters of the branches and the aluminium foil have an influence on the rooting rate. The black earth/sawdust mixture with a rate of (63.33±15.27%) is numerically the best rooting substrate and the diameters [4-6]cm and [6-8]cm presented promising results for the same rooting parameter in this species. The aluminium foil improved and protected the sheaths against light rays. These tested parameters are important in developing a domestication strategy for this species.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jonas Nimaligui, Yohanna Dangai, Zephirin Haman Oumarou, Yougouda Hamawa, Herve Joseph Ewodo APANA, Roland Naddelni Begoto, Guidawa FAWA, Pierre Marie Mapongmetsem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of the Impact of Biochar on Soil properties and its synergistic effects with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Soil degradation, driven by intensive farming, deforestation, overgrazing, and climate change, presents a critical threat to agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. This degradation, characterized by the loss of soil organic matter, structure, and fertility, compromises soil health, reduces crop yields, and heightens vulnerability to erosion and extreme weather. Addressing this issue is vital for food security, ecosystem services, and climate change mitigation. Biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have emerged as promising solutions to improve soil quality and plant growth. Biochar, produced through the pyrolysis of organic materials, is notable for its stable carbon structure, porosity, and nutrient retention capabilities. AMF, symbiotic fungi that enhance nutrient and water uptake in plants, are particularly beneficial in nutrient-poor and drought-prone soils. This study explores the synergistic potential of biochar and AMF in soil amelioration. Conducted at the WACWISA research farm, the experiment utilized a factorial randomized complete block design to assess the effects of AMF, biochar, and nitrogen on soil properties and garden egg (Solanum aethiopicum L.) production. Biochar was applied at 10 tons ha?¹, AMF at 8 kg ha?¹, and nitrogen at three levels (0, 150, and 200 kg ha?¹). Key soil parameters, including pH, organic carbon, and cation exchange capacity (CEC), were monitored over two growing seasons. Results indicated that both biochar and AMF significantly improved soil pH and organic carbon content, with biochar's alkaline nature and AMF's nutrient uptake facilitation playing pivotal roles. Nitrogen application also significantly influenced these parameters, although no synergistic interactions were observed among the three factors. The positive effects of biochar and AMF on soil CEC were consistent across both rainy and dry seasons. Root biomass and colonization were significantly enhanced by AMF and biochar, with notable seasonal variations. This study underscores the potential of biochar and AMF to independently and effectively improve soil health and plant productivity. While no significant interactive effects were detected, the individual contributions of these amendments highlight their importance in sustainable agricultural practices and environmental resilience. Future research should explore long-term impacts and optimize application rates to fully harness the benefits of biochar and AMF in diverse agroecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jean Bosco Ngarukiyimana, Israel K. Dzomeku, Abdul-Halim Abubakari, Hamudu Rukangantambara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Water Salinity on upland Cotton Genotypes at Seedling Growth Stage
Expansion of cotton in saline areas of Bangladesh requires to identify cotton genotypes that can thrive under saline environment. The study was performed to identify salinity tolerance cotton genotypes at seedling growth stage in 2019 at Salinity Management and Research Center, Batiaghata, Khulna, Bangladesh. Eight cotton genotypes namely CB-12, CB-14, CB- Hybrid-1, Rupali-1, DM-2, JA-17/6, JA-17/5 and JA—17/7 were evaluated under six saline 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 dS m-1 and one non-saline (control) condition. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Different water salinity used in this study significantly influenced the growth of cotton genotypes. Under the growth at 30 dS m-1, the less reduction of root length was in genotype JA-17/7 (44%), root fresh weight and dry weight of root were reduced lowest of 42% in CB Hybrid-1, the lowest reduction of shoot length of 37% was recorded in genotype JA-17/6, the genotype Ja-17/5 showed the lowest decrease fresh weight of shoot of 45% and the decrease of the dry weight of shoot was lowest in genotype JA-17/5 and JA-17/6. The genotype CB-14, CB Hybrid-1, Rupali-1, JA-17/6, JA-17/5 and JA-17/7 were identified as the moderately tolerant genotype against salinity based on relative performance of growth under the salinity level of 20 dS m-1. These genotypes have the potentiality to grow under salinity stress condition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kamrul Hassan, Md. Abul Hashem; Farid Uddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Review of the Gaps in Wildlife Laws, Policies, Strategies, and Current Challenges in Implementing Wildlife Laws in Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Sector
It is a review of policy related to Ethiopian wildlife conservation and management. The purpose is to provide information on wildlife policy, legal issues, challenges in implementing the existing wildlife laws, and gap analyses. The methodology used literature and document review. Ethiopia has wildlife policies and laws to conserve, protect, and develop its wildlife. The reviewed data analysed through SWOT (Strength Weakness Opportunity Threats) analysis techniques. The study revealed gaps in Ethiopian wildlife strategy policies and laws, including private management of protected areas, the need for environmental impact assessments, and community benefits. Besides, weak law enforcement, illegal wildlife trafficking, and limited technology in combating wildlife crimes are observed in wildlife conservation while implementing the existing law (i.e., Proclamation No. 575/2008). Despite policy and law gaps, their availability could attract international and national organizations to contribute to ecotourism development. In general, filling in the gaps in policy and legal matters on wildlife strategy requires working with law enforcement, strengthening the prosecutors' skills, leveraging modern technologies, and creating plans to reduce poaching and trafficking
Copyright (c) 2025 Taye Lemma Geleta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Diversity and Host Range of Loranthaceae in Tombel Sub Division of Cameroon
Hemiparasitic vascular plants of the Loranthaceae constitute an important part of biodiversity. Widely distributed throughout the world in tropical and temperate zones, the latter play an important role in the health of local populations. This study was conducted to explore baseline data on the diversity and host range of Loranthaceae in Tombel Sub-Division, Cameroon. This was achieved through a survey in forty (40) villages to identify species of mistletoe and host plants. Eight (8) species of Loranthaceae were found to parasitize 61 species belonging to 51 genera and 36 families. Phragmanthera capitata and Tapinanthus bangwensis were more frequent and common in the studied sites. The most parasitized host family were Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Rutaceae and Malvaceae with 6, 5, 6 and 4 species each respectively. The most sensitive host species to the parasitism of Loranthaceae was T. cacao (hosting 8 parasitic plants). Mistletoe species with high specificity include: P. nigritana (PSp= 1.63%), T. preusii (PSP=4.91%) and T. ogowensis (PSp=3.72%).
Copyright (c) 2024 Joseph Marie Ondoua, Neba Godlove Ambe, Nkumbe Anna Nzong, Mfonku Napoleon Akoh, Djibrila Mana, Ngotta Biyon Jacques Bruno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessments of Conflicts Over Natural Resource Use and Their Handling in Babile Elephant Sanctuary, Eastern Ethiopia
The focus of this study aims to assess the conflicts over natural resource uses and its management in Babile Elephant Sanctuary, Eastern Ethiopia. A simple random sampling method was used to gather data from sampled households. A total of 152 households were selected from three Peasant Associations (Erer Ebada, Agdora, and Dendema) of three districts (Babile, Fedis, and Babile Dendema) due to their proximity and the intensity of resource utilization in the sanctuary. A questionnaire survey, key informant interview, focus group discussion, field observation, and secondary data sources were used to generate the required data. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis approaches were employed to analyze the data. The result showed that, except for wildlife risk on humans and public participation in the sanctuary's management, all other factors were statistically significant at (P<0.050). From the overall respondents, about 44.1%, 42.1%, and 40.1% of the respondents replied lack of resources; poverty, and drought respectively were the driving factors. Among the respondents in each kebeles 79.5%, 58.3%, and 5.6% of the residents in Dendema, Agidora, and Erer Ebada kebeles respectively replied demographic change as a cause. The residents’ reliance on the resource varies. For example, 55.9%, 52.6%, and 46.7% of the respondents depended on grazing land, water resources, and farming, respectively, and conflicted with the sanctuary. Based on research results, the following inference is drawn; the current resource use conflict can be mitigated through boundary re-demarcation of the sanctuary and creation of alternative means of community livelihoods in collaboration with the concerned stakeholders along with law enforcement and community engagements.
Copyright (c) 2024 Taye Lemma Geleta, Shimelis Tekletsadik Demeke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Comparative assessment of the phyto-desalination rates of duckweed and water hyacinth in brackish water
Brackish surface water is a challenge for most estuarine communities to meet the water requirement for agricultural purposes. Desalination plants on the other hand, are costly and energy consuming method to run. This research compares the possible use of duckweed and water hyacinth for their phyto-desalination rates of brackish water. Three replicates containing about 100 g of each aquatic macrophytes in a trough with 10 litres of brackish water (salinity 7.69 ppt) were studied daily for 6 days. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity were the measured water parameters thereafter, the treatment means were calculated. Results showed that maximum reductions of most of the water parameter were observed after 3 days of the research for both aquatic macrophytes. A reduction of EC by 16.4 %, TDS by 16.3 % and salinity by 20.7 % for duckweed while for water hyacinth, a reduction of EC by 20 %, TDS by 19 % and salinity by 29.1 % were observed. Thereafter, both aquatic macrophytes started showing signs of nutrient starvation and a reduced rate of desalination. This can be addressed by removing the spent and wilting aquatic plants and re-introducing fresh ones in 3 days intervals until desalination is achieved. Anova shows that there was significant difference between pre-and post-treatment values at 95 % confidence level in EC for both duckweed and water hyacinth treatment and also in TDS and salinity for water hyacinth treatment. This suggests potency of water hyacinth in the desalination of brackish water for crop irrigation and other agricultural purposes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kiridi, E. A, David, I https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ecological studies and Threats on African elephant (Loxodonta africana) in Babile Elephant Sanctuary, Eastern Ethiopia
A study was conducted on the ecological, and threats to African elephants in the Babile Elephant Sanctuary in eastern Ethiopia from March 2019 to December 2021. The research aimed to understand population size, age structure, movement, feeding preference, impact on woody plant species, and threats to elephants. For the study, before carrying out data collection, the habitat of the sanctuary was first divided into riverine, woodland, and bushlands. A total area of 48 km2 divided into 16 km2 each, was sampled to compare and collect the dung of an elephant. The study used dung counting techniques and woody species assessment to estimate elephant population size, feeding preferences, and the impact of elephants on woody species. The sanctuary had 210 to 250 elephants or (i.e., 230±20) at a Mean of (?) =230 and SD=20, with 47% being younger and 2.6% sub-adult. Others were adult (19%), calves (17.2%), and Juveniles (13.4%). According to all (100%) key informants and observations revealed, the elephants’ movement followed the Erer and Gobele valleys. The result also showed that 24(63.15%) of the 38 woody species were selected by elephants as a diet. The Acacia seyel (PI= 3.3033) and Opuntia ficus- indica (PI= 2.0328) were the most frequently browsed tree and shrub species, respectively. Observations revealed elephants uprooted debarked trees and destroyed parts, particularly a small size class. The study found that the high human population and settlers' need for land for cultivation increased conflicts between people and elephants. Despite a remnant elephant population in the sanctuary, the species could be negatively affected by human activities. Therefore, rehabilitating woody plants consumed by elephants, reducing threats and conserving the remaining elephant population is crucial.
Copyright (c) 2023 Taye Lemma Geleta, Girma Mengesha, Sintayehu Workeneh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Interactive Effects of Tillage and Mulch Type on Soil and Crop Canopy Temperature and Yield of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, L)
This paper investigates the interactive effects that tillage and mulch types have on soil and crop canopy temperature and the subsequent influence on final grain yields of a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor var rakodzi) crop stand. Two experimental sites, one farmer managed, and the other researcher managed were established in Mbire District of Mashonaland West Province in Zimbabwe during the 2020/2021 Zimbabwean farming season. A 3x4 factorial experiment laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications, was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that tillage and mulch have no effect on soil and crop canopy temperatures. Significant interactions (P<0.05) occurred between mulch and tillage types to influence canopy temperature at critical stages of late vegetative and grain filling at 25 and 75 days after sowing, respectively. Mulch and tillage types also interacted significantly (p<0.05) at critical stages of booting and grain filling at 50 and 75 days after sowing respectively to subsequently influence final grain yield. Sorghum straw used as mulch in raised beds resulted in the highest grain yields of 2.89 tons Ha-1. Conversely, lowest grain yields were realized from raised beds with no mulch as 1.89 tons Ha-1. Thus, it was established that tillage and mulch can interact to affect both crop canopy and soil temperature at crop critical stages that will in turn impact on crop final grain yields. Farmers in the semi-arid regions of Zimbabwe are encouraged to be cognisant of this interactive effect to maximise sorghum crop productivity.
Copyright (c) 2023 Edmore Hungwe, Veronica Makuvaro, Johnson Masaka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of heavy metals concentrations in tropical agroecosystem (Wakwa, Adamawa, Cameroon): An Index Analysis Approach
A study has been conducted to evaluate the degree of Heavy Metals (HM) contamination on farm soils of Wakwa’s, using enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI), Ecological risk factors (Eir), ecological risk indices (PER) and statistical analysis. In this study, composite surface agricultural soil samples were collected in 4 sites and analyzed for the concentration of HMs including As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sr, V, Y, Zn and Zr. The concentrations of Cr, Zr, Mo and Pb are significantly higher than average shale values in all sites. Sites WK3 and WK4 were also contaminated with Ni and V. The EF vary from 0.07 for Sr to 2.35 for Mo and indicate zero to moderate enrichment. Igeo vary from -3.83 for Sr to 1.26 for Mo and indicate zero to moderate contamination. A PLI vary from 0.61 to 0.83 with the highest to the lowest polluted site being WK4 >WK3 >WK2 >WK1. All HM present low ecological concern and low potential ecological risk indices. Site WK4 which is upstream the Lake Piu is the most polluted. Positive and highly significant correlations were observed for several pairs; this could indicate the same source of pollution for most HM. This study concludes that a regular assessment is needed to estimate the risk level of toxic metal contamination in the ecosystem. This study is valuable because it is probably the first work on heavy metal levels in Wakwa locality.
Copyright (c) 2023 AMINATOU Amraou, YABOKI Elisabeth, ZING ZING Bertrand, Yvette Clarisse MFOPOU MEWOUO, NDO Eunice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment on Farmers Tree Growing Practices and Tree Species Diversity in the Home Garden, Farmlands, and nearby Forest of Abaychomen District, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
This study was conducted to investigate the farmers’ tree-growing practices and the diversity of tree species in the home garden, farmlands, and nearby forest areas of Abaychomen District, Eastern Wollega, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Data were collected from sampled Households (HHs) using purposive random sampling methods for the socio-economic survey and a systematic sampling technique for vegetation assessment. For the interview, 152 HHs were selected from the two Peasant Associations of Gutene and Dinoberema. Focus group discussions and site observations were used. The result showed 51 tree species in Dinoberema and 41 in Gutene were identified and recorded. The Shannon diversity index is high in the natural forest of both sites and low in the crop fields of Gutene and the home garden area of Denoberema. Simpson diversity index exhibited a similar trend as the Shannon diversity index in both sites. Croton macrostachyus and Podocarpus falcatus are the 1st and the 2nd most important tree species in both sites. Higher Sorensen coefficient similarity was observed between crop fields and home gardens. The result also revealed HHs within the rich wealth class have a large area of home gardens related to the medium and poor. According to respondents viewed, (80 % observed labor availability) in Gutene, and (60% observed land availability) in Dinoberema were opportunities to grow trees. However, shortage of cash and land were the main constraints for tree-growing practices. Therefore, this study is important for effective tree biodiversity. Hence, identifying and documenting the tree species diversity and practices of local peoples on tree management is necessary to build the gaps in knowledge.
Copyright (c) 2023 Taye Lemma Geleta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Veterinary Drug Prescribing Practices at Ateso Veterinary Clinic of Masha Woreda, Sheka Zone, South West Ethiopia
The rational use of drugs in veterinary medicine has various significances, such as reducing the risk of drug resistance, increasing efficacy, reducing drug residue, and decreasing adverse drug reactions. The objective of this study is to evaluate the types of rational use of veterinary drugs prescribed by veterinarians in the veterinary clinics of the Masha district. A sample was selected using a systematic random sampling method and the sampling unit was an animal patient encountered at Ateso veterinary clinic for the treatment of acute and/or chronic illness. A retrospective study was conducted to assess veterinary drug prescribing practices at Ateso woreda veterinary clinics in the southwest areas of Ethiopia. A total of 920 cases were recorded from the case registration books at the Ateso Veterinary clinic for diseases treated between January 2021 and February 2022. The study indicates that in Ateso veterinary clinic, 111(12.1%) young, 548(59.6%) adult and 261(28.4%) were old. In this retrospective study, 654(71.1%) cattle, 62(6.7%) chicken, 66(7.2%) goat and 138(15.0%) were sheep in diagnosed animals. Regarding the agro-ecological partition in study area, 542(58.9%), 129(14.0%) and 249(27.1%) of diagnosed animals were highland, lowland and midland respectively. The study results showed that for a total of 920 cases diagnosed at clinic, 1788 different drugs were prescribed, with an average per encounter of 1.9. Among the total drugs, Penstrep (31.7%), Albendazole (23.3%), Oxytetracycline (19.4%), Ivermectine (12.3%, Sulfa drugs (6.7%), Isomitamidium chloride (3.7%) and Veridium(2.9%) were the most leading prescribed drugs. All drugs were prescribed by the generic name without any laboratory support of the disease. The prescribing practices showed 51.1 % of antibiotics and 23.3 % of anthelmintic was prescribed for veterinary diseases treatment at Ateso veterinary clinic. Of the prescribed drugs, 7 % Anthelmentics (Albendazole) was prescribed irrationally to treat diseases that were tentatively diagnosed as infectious diseases. Similarly, 2.1 % of Antibiotics were prescribed for parasitic disease. In conclusion, this study revealed problems in antibiotics and Anthelmintics use, a description of routes of administration and length of treatment, and a shortage of laboratory diagnostic facilities. Therefore, veterinary drugs particularly Antibiotics and Anthelmintics should be used appropriately to safeguard the public from residual drug impacts and resistance development.
Copyright (c) 2023 Esayas Balcha, Teshager Shawano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study on usage of Land and changes in Ecology in Babile Elephant Sanctuary, Eastern Ethiopia
This study's main objective is to investigate how the land covers in Eastern Ethiopia's Babile Elephant Sanctuary (BES). The spatiotemporal patterns of land-cover changes involved using remote sensing, geographic information systems, and questionnaires. The Landsat images acquired in 1972, 2000, and 2021 were used. The result revealed that bushland and agricultural land areas expanded highest over the study period (1972–2021) at the expense of natural forests. With an average annual loss rate of 8343.12 ha, riverine forests and woods lost a substantial amount of land cover. The woodland and riverine forest cover decreased steadily from 59.85 and 20.56% in 1972 to 30.37 and 3.13% in 2021.From 1972, the coverage of bushland, agricultural land, bare land, and settlement increased to 17.57, 1.75, 0.23, and 0.04%, respectively, to the year 2021, when it occupied 34.68, 22.30, 4.95, and 4.57%, respectively, of the total land area. Several bushland areas in the sanctuary while data collected for this study, with likely impacts were observed (such as tree-cutting) on the forest and riverine habitat. As a result, there was currently a greater area covered by wilderness patches (i.e., 34.68 % in 2021). Since the result showed that the increasing agricultural land and settlements become a threat to the ecological integrity of elephant habitats, leading to habitat fragmentation and human encroachment on elephant habitats, and high pressure and competition over resources. Based on the study results, the following inference is drawn: identifying and documenting up-to-date information on the land cover change in BES is necessary to build gaps in knowledge for conservationists to design plans for the restoration of habitats and the species by lowering the impact on land cover change, immediate action, and restoring mechanisms to conserve biodiversity and associated ecosystem services in the area.
Copyright (c) 2022 Taye Lemma Geleta, Associate professor Girma Mengesha (Ph.D), Associate professor Sintayehu Workeneh (Ph.D) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative study of Bacteriological Contents of Commercially Smoked Fish and Aseptically Smoked Fish sold in Awka and Environs, Anambra State Nigeria
The study was carried out to determine the bacteriological contents of smoked fish sold in Awka markets and environs. A total number of 80 samples of smoked and frozen fish were purchased from three different markets in Awka and its environs. 60 smoked fish and 20 frozen fish of four different species of panla, sardine, mackerel and catfish 15each and 5 each respectively. The samples were collected labeled appropriately and kept in sterile polyethylene bags and were taken to the microbiology laboratory of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka and Anambra State Polytechnic, Mgbakwu for microbial analysis, biochemical and molecular characterization were used for identification of bacteria and fungi isolates. The frozen fishes were taken to the fishery department of Anambra State Polytechnic, Mgbakwu for smoking, the fishes were aseptically smoked using the traditional kiln and oven drying methods. Nutrient agar, Sabouraud dextrose agar, Salmonella shigella agar, Eosin methylene blue agar and Mannitol egg yolk polymyxin (MYP) agar were used for the isolation of organisms. The isolated organisms are Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus Saprophiticus, Enterobacter spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Eschericia coli, Klebsiella Aerogenes. Delftia Tsuruhatensis, Proteus mirabilis, Comamonas Thiooxydans, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Crocinitomicaceae bacterium, Klebsiella pneumonia, Micrococcus spp. the fungi isolated are Aspergillus fumigate, Aspergillus oryzae, Fusarium spp. Mucor, Rhizopus sp. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Penicillum spp. the total viable counts (TVC in CFU/g) of smoked mackerel, sardine, panla and catfish ranges from 1.7x102 to 40.3x102 , 0.6x102-66x102, 11x102-98x102, 2.5x102 -54x102 respectively. TVC (CFU/g) of fungi isolates from catfish ranges from 10x102 to 33x102 TVC (CFU/g). In aseptically smoked fish no organism was isolated from fish samples except in smoked and oven-dried panla fish. Their TVC ranges from 0.2x102-0.8x102. The findings indicate that smoked fish sold in Awka markets and environs are all contaminated, proper awareness should be done to educate the fish vendors on proper and hygienic methods of processing and selling their products.
Copyright (c) 2022 Ozoh, C.N, Orji, M.U https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study on Feeding preference and Impact of African Elephants (Loxodonta africana, Blumenbach, 1797; Elephantidae) on Woody species in Babile Elephant Sanctuary, Eastern Ethiopia
The focus of this paper is to study the feeding preference and impact of woody species on African elephants in Babile Elephant Sanctuary (BES), Eastern Ethiopia. Data were collected through purposive random and systematic sampling techniques. Seven sites from three different habitats in the sanctuary were selected by considering the availability of dung and consumed plant parts. The result showed, among 38 species browsed by elephants, 24(63.15%) were the most preferred elephant diet. Besides, from dissecting 75 dung boli of 24 plant species (yielding 2841seeds); 2009 (70%) of seeds were fed by elephants during the wet season. And, the seeds were analysed using the focal watch and indirect methods. Woody species, about 23(76.7%) in the riverine, 36 (68%) in woodland, and 19(54.3%) in bushland habitats were mainly impacted on parts of primary/secondary branches and main stem. Among these, a small size class of trees was more easily damaged by elephants. Based on research results, the following inference is drawn: identifying and documenting the dietary composition, feeding preference, and impact of elephants on woody species in BES is important to build gaps in knowledge for conservationists to design plans for restoring the species and sustaining elephants existence in the sanctuary.
Copyright (c) 2022 Taye Lemma Geleta, Girma Mengesha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study on Conservation Threats on African elephant (Loxodonta africana, Blumenbach, 1797) in Babile Elephant Sanctuary, Eastern Ethiopia
The focus of this paper is to study the conservation threats on African elephants in Babile Elephant Sanctuary, Eastern Ethiopia. A simple random sampling method was used to gather data from sampled households. Total of 138 households were selected for interview nearby the study area, and qualitative survey was collected. Focus group discussion and site observations were carried out. According to the result showed, all respondents (100%) were perceived that the population explosion around the sanctuary was increasing for encroaching the land. Following human population, settlement (89.13%), human-elephant conflict (87.7%), and agricultural expansion (87%) through deforestation (84.7%) were the major threats that faced the sanctuary. The result also revealed that livestock grazing, charcoal production, poaching, less community participation, ineffective law enforcement, illegal (uncontrolled) fire, excavation of sands, and fuelwood collection were other discerned threats. Besides, less than (45%) of them were believed as hunting (i.e., other than elephants), lack of management capacity, ineffective stakeholders & partners involvement were brought less effect on present elephant conservation when related with other threats. However, only 22% of respondents were agreed with the existing management system. This might showed why the increased number and types of threats were observed in the sanctuary. Overall, this study disclosed the existence of conservation threats. Based on research results, the following inference is drawn: awareness creation for local communities and other stakeholders along with benefit-sharing for nearby communities around the sanctuary is important to lower the threats then conserve and protect elephant habitat and the values of the sanctuary. Moreover, strengthening the capacity of management and enforcing laws can minimize the intimidation and enhance opportunities.
Copyright (c) 2021 Taye Lemma Geleta, Girma Mengesha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Experimental Investigation of Some Heavy Metals in the Muscle Tissue of Cultured African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Oftentimes, the environmental scientist believes that heavy metal contamination of the aquatic ecosystem is related only to fishes in the aquatic environment. The present study was therefore undertaken to investigate the bioaccumulation of Manganese (Mn), Cobalt (Co), Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni) in the muscle tissue of Cultured African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). A total of two (2) fish were used (male and female) weighing 390g and 310g. They were sacrificed and all the internal organs were removed and was oven-dried at an initial temperature of 1050c and later adjust to 650c until a constant weight was obtained. The samples were ground and were digested with tri acid mixture (HNO3: HCL: H2SO4). Digestion continued until the liquor become clear. The samples were analyzed using Dez Elmer Analyst 300 Atomic Spectroscopy (AAS). The result showed that Mn recorded 896.94±0.577mg/l; Co 78.10±0.577mg/l; and Ni, 78.725±0.578mg/l in feed 1 and Mn recorded 506.823±1.155mg/l; Co 32.499±0.577mg/l; Hg, 0.001±0.00001mg/l; As, 0.006±0.0000mg/l; Cr, 122.794±0.577mg/l. and Ni 56.180±0.578mg/l in feed 2. The result of the muscle tissue of male and female C.gariepinus shows the presence of heavy metals at different concentrations and the highest concentration was observed in female recorded Ni (44.200±0.5774mg/l) and the lowest observed in males recorded in Cr (-0.007±0.0001mg/l). There was a significant difference (P>0.05) among male and female C.gariepinus. This study has proved the availability of Mn, Co, Hg, As, Cr and Ni in the muscle tissue of C.gariepinus and also in the water and feeds used in culture the fish. This metal concentration observed in muscle tissue feeds and water was beyond the maximum permissible limit by WHO/FAO and NOAA for human consumption contrary to the most view that bioaccumulation of heavy metals is related to environmentally polluted water. Based on these findings, it is recommended that proper quality control analysis should be carried out in the cultured fish to determine its safety.
Copyright (c) 2021 Okwuosa Obinna Ben, Amadi Ibiam Christina O, Omovwohwovie Emmanuel E https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of the Effectiveness of the Policy and Institutional Structures/Mechanisms for Environmental Management in Enugu State, Nigeria
Nigeria is rapidly urbanizing and is forecasted to become the 3rd most urbanized nation by 2100. Expectedly, rapid urbanization presents challenges in many areas including the management of municipal services such as solid waste. This yawning failure is reflected in the poor quality of waste services across Nigerian cities. This study focuses on the analysis of the effectiveness of policy and institutional structures/mechanisms for environmental management in Enugu State. The specific objectives are to: identify and analyze the effectiveness of the policies through the performance of the institutions for environmental management and identify the shortcomings of the policies and constraints to the performance of the institutions. Data were generated by a field survey involving the administration of a structured questionnaire. Multistage and Random sampling techniques were used in the selection of three hundred and seventy-eight adult household heads and eleven staff both from the State Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources and Enugu State Waste Management Authority (ESWAMA). Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The result shows that Removal and disposal of waste, vehicles and dead animals, cleaning of streets and sewage clearing and maintenance of disposable equipment where the roles played by ESWAMA; whereas urban sanitation, pollution control and impact assessment were the roles played by the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources. Problems identified among the staff against the performance of the institutions include; limitations of the legal framework, institutional bottleneck, corruption, inadequate of EIA, Inadequate funds, and Ignorance. The study recommends the review of the environmental policies and advises that the legal framework should be strengthened for the proper implementation of laws.
Copyright (c) 2021 Ettum P. O , Ikubaiyeje K. P, Okoh T. C, Umar O. M, Ibe J. C https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study on the Prevalence and Host-Related Risk Factors of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Selected Kebeles of Konta Zone District, South Western Ehiopia
Trypanosomosis is a disease caused by several species of protozoa parasites called trypanosomes found in the blood and other tissues of vertebrates including livestock, wildlife & people. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, identify species of trypanosomes involved and access associated risk factors in Ameya Zuria Woreda. In this study, an overall prevalence of 12.8 % (49/ 384) of bovine trypanosomosis was recorded. Prevalence of 9.4 % and 16.9 % was observed in female and male cattle respectively. Bovine trypanosomosis with the prevalence of 18.5%, 11.8%, 10.4%, 10.8% & 11.8% was recorded in Chebera, Cheta, Dupa, Serishewa and Yora peasant associations respectively. The prevalence of 5.6%, 14.3 6% and 16.7 were recorded in cattle of young, adult and old respectively. Two species of trypanosomosis T.congulense and Brucei were detected with a prevalence of 11.2% and 1.7 % respectively. In the current study, the prevalence of trypanosomosis based on body condition scores were recorded as good, medium, and poor as 6.8 %, 9.9 % and 21.3 % respectively. Based on coat color, the prevalence of 26.4%, 15.8%, 8.5% and 5.8 were recorded in black, grey, red and white color respectively. Based on Hematological findings of PCV <25 and PCV ? 25 78.6% were recorded as anemic while 21.4 % were normal. In conclusion, this study indicated that trypanosomosis was the major constraint of livestock production in the Ameya Zuria Woreda *20therefore; concerned individuals should strengthen and continue the effort against this parasitic disease.
Copyright (c) 2022 Esayas Balcha, Hasen Kasa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Influence of organic amendments on soil fertility and the growth of maize (Zea mays)
In recent years, the application of poultry manure and compost as a soil amendment has generated huge interest for the preservation of soil fertility by improving the physicochemical and biological properties of soil, and for the reduction of the negative effects of greenhouse emissions. In this study, we investigated the effect of two soil amendments, namely poultry manure and compost, on soil parameters and their influence on maize growth performance. The experiment was conducted at the nursery site at the University of Energy and Natural Resources where organic amendments were applied to the soil at different application rate compost (10 t/ha and 5 t/h) and poultry (10 t/ha and 5 t/h, respectively). The results show that organic amendments increased the NPK content of the soil. Plant growth parameters are also increased by the application of the organic amendment. There was no significant improvement in plant height, plant girth, and the number of leaves with the application of both poultry manure and compost. However, biomass yield and leaf area of plants significantly increased in soils amended with poultry manure and compost. Poultry manure was found to contain higher nutrients and contributed to higher maize growth than compost and the control. This study showed that organic amendments increased soil fertility and crop growth.
Soil amendments provide nutrients for plant growth
Poultry manure and compost influence the growth of maize
Organic amendments enable conditions for microbial activities which improve soil fertility
Copyright (c) 2021 Meshack Appiah Ofori, Isaac Eminent , Isaac Sarfo, Collins Oduro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study of the Production of "Dadawa" from Seeds of Amblygonocarpus andongensis in Adamawa, Cameroon
The present study aims to analyze the production system of "Dadawa" based on the seeds of Amblygonocarpus andongensis. Surveys were carried out among processors in the Nyambaka district in the Adamawa region from November 2020 to December 2020. The traditional "Dadawa" manufacturing process consumes more effort and time. It does not vary by ethnicity, age, and level of education. It includes several operations: The first phase being doble cooking which lasts for about 12 hours and the second whose duration is about 30 minutes aerobic fermentation takes place for 72hours, the leaves of Annona senegalensis are used during this operation, the fermented product is dried in the sun. The product obtained is similar to that obtained from the seeds of Parkia biglobosa but it is more appreciated by the population because of its more pronounced taste.
Copyright (c) 2021 BOURSI Jérémie, ABEGA Juste Philantrope, HOUJAYFA MOHAMAD OUSMAN, DAZECK DOUMBA Fanny Rosette, AMINATOU Hamida, ADJOUDJI OUSMAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prevalence of Salmonella Enteritidis Infection in Chicken Eggs Collected from Different Poultry Farms in Awka, Anambra State of Nigeria
This study examined the determination of the prevalence of Salmonella Enteritidis in table eggs circulating in Awka, Anambra State. A total of 400 good-looking, undamaged eggs were randomly selected and bought from different poultry farms in Awka and then, screened for Salmonella Enteritidis. The isolation of Salmonella Enteritidis and antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates was done using the standard procedures stated in the bacteriological analytical manual (BAM) of the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI), respectively. Out of 49 (12.3%) isolates positive for Salmonella species, 16 isolates were positive to Salmonella Enteritidis representing 32.7% of the isolated organisms (P>0.05). The prevalence of Salmonella Enteritidis in egg content and eggshell was 32.7% and 0.0% respectively and the difference in their prevalence was not statistically significant (P<0.05). All isolates showed 100% resistance to augmentin and ceftazidime (zone of inhibition <13mm), ceftriaxone, and erythromycin showed 87.5% resistance (zone of inhibition <35mm). Ninety-three point seven percent (93.7%) of the strains were sensitive to ofloxacin (zone of inhibition >21mm), 75% sensitive to gentamicin (zone of inhibition >15mm) and 50%to cotrimoxazole (zone of inhibition >16mm). The strains studied in terms of their antibiotic-resistant pattern could be classified into different groups based on the number of antibiotics they resisted. Even though six of the sixteen isolated displayed the presence of plasmid, one can envisage that other non-plasmids containing serovars demonstrating multi-drug resistance attributes have other means of antibiotics resistance other than the plasmid.
Copyright (c) 2021 ABANA CHIOMA C , NWAJIOBI FAVOUR O https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Delonix Regia (Flame Tree) as Biorodenticide in Eliminating Wistar Albino Rats
The study examined the effect of Delonix regia (flame tree) as biorodenticide in eliminating Wister albino rat. The plant samples used were collected from the Nnamdi Azikiwe university campus, dried for three days then the extract was extracted with the use of Soxhlet extractor using ethanol as extraction solvent after which the extract was concentrated in a rotary evaporator. The extract was administered to the wister Albino rate ate 200mg/ml dose and 400mg/ml dose. From the phytochemical analysis of the plant, the result showed that the plant contains phytochemicals such as steroids, alkaloid among others. The result also showed that the weight of the rat increased to 128.33±7.53b when given treatment as compared to their body weight(114.66±8.08a) before treatment. The result further indicated that at 200mg/ml, the weight of the rat is statistically significant than that at 400mg/ml. From the analysis, it was noted that the organ weight of the rat and PCV of 200mg/ml dosage is higher (43.66±4.48b) than that 400mg/ml (30.33±2.603a) though this result is not statistically significant at P>0.05%. Comparing the relative organ weight of the rat at 200mg/ml and at 400mg/ml, the weight at 400mg/ml for liver(3.68%) and kidney(0.79%) is higher than 200mg/ml relative liver weight(3.55%) and kidney(0.65%). The difference in the relative organ weight is also not statistically significant at P>0.05%. There were no toxicity effects of the extract observed on the rat neither were there any mortality. Therefore, the study recommended that pharmaceutical industries should harness the potential of Delonix regia extract in the production of drugs and use it in the control of obesity among the human population and little dosage of the Delonix regia extract can be also be used in others to boast and maintain packed cell volume.
Copyright (c) 2021 Omaka Onyekachi , Nwajiobi Favour Okwukweka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Increased Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, L) Productivity: Unlocking its potential for food crisis mitigation for small holder communal farmers in the Semi-Arid regions: A case of the Zambezi Valley Region in Zimbabwe
This paper analyses current and projected trends of sorghum production in Mbire as influenced by the ZRBF programme from 2016 to 2020. Average cereal production in this district has been dominated by maize 56.01% with sorghum accounting for 43.99 % since 2015. Between 2014 and 2017 trends in area, production and yield of sorghum were negative but were positive from 2018 to 2020. Mean yield was 0.29 t/ha with upper and lower limits of 0.41 t/ha and 0.10 t/ha respectively. Trends in area planted under maize and sorghum in the district showed a gradual increase for sorghum from 7000ha in 2015 to approximately 12000 ha in 2020 and an inverse trend for maize from approximately 12000 ha to 7000 ha for the same period. Rainfall varied during these years with a mean of 702.3mm per year which was slightly above normal for the region. Sorghum was primarily used for food (62 %) whilst 28% was used for food processing with just 10% for animal feed and non- food uses. Trading of sorghum attached USD value over the years ranged between USD 240 to 290 per MT as officially communicated by GMB and Delta Beverages. There was a general positive trend in area planted under sorghum with corresponding increase in production indicating farmers’ adoption of sorghum production. Increasing production of sorghum by 41.5% from the baseline scenario is forecasted by 2025. These results suggest that in future, sorghum will play an increasingly important role in food security of these communities.
Copyright (c) 2020 Edmore Hungwe, J Masaka, V Makuvaro, E Tombo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Detection of Antibiotic Resistant organisms in Water Sources in Okada Town, Edo State, Nigeria
Water is an indispensable resource for the existence of all living things, human beings especially. This study investigated the physicochemical properties of drinking water and water used for domestic purposes in Okada town to ascertain their suitability for consumption and also the possible detection of antibiotic resistant organisms in such water sources. A total of six water samples were obtained for the study. Standard methods were employed in the estimation of the physicochemical properties of the samples, isolation and characterization of bacterial isolates from the samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed on the isolates using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The physicochemical properties of all the samples fell within the normal range when compared to the WHO maximum permissible levels. The isolates obtained from three samples were Gram positive cocci and Gram negative bacilli bacteria and had a probable identity of Staphylococcus sp, Coagulase negative Staphylococcus sp, Klebsiella sp, Escherichia coli. The Bacterial isolates were resistant to various antibiotics such as the cephalosporins, gentamicin, cloxacillin, augmentin, nitrofurantoin, ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. The detection of antibiotic resistant organisms is of public health importance and may be possible reason for prolonged therapy of water borne diseases. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate administration of drugs will help in the control of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Proper treatment of water especially before consumption is recommended.
Copyright (c) 2020 Jesumirhewe, C, Asamaka, E. O https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytochemical and Proximate Analysis of the Leaf, Stem and Root of Securinega Virosa
The study investigated phytochemical and proximate analysis of the leaf, stem and root of Securinega virosa. The plant sample was dried under room temperature and grounded into powdered before extraction of the phytochemical using Soxhlet extractor. Result of the screening, shows that there are various phytochemicals such as saponin, alkaloid and tannin among others. The result of the study also showed the plant contain protein, crude fibre, moisture among others. Therefore, the study recommends that phytochemical properties of Securinega virosa should be harness and used in the treatment of diseases.
Copyright (c) 2020 Omaka Onyekachi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
HALOPHYTIC POTENTIALS OF MORNING GLORY (Ipomea Asarifolia) FOR PHYTO-DESALINATION OF BRACKISH WATER
This research investigates the halophytic potentials of morning glory (Ipomea Asarifolia) for phytodesalination of brackish water. Approximately 100 g of morning glory were placed in a plastic trough containing 10 litres of brackish water (salinity 7.69 ppt) in three replicates and studied daily for 6 days. The treatment means of the electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity were calculated. Results showed that maximum reductions of most of the water parameter were observed after 3 days of the research and a phytodesalination rates of +0.026 ppt/g/day for EC, +10.27 ppt/g/day for TDS and +0.051 ppt/g/day for salinity were recorded. The morning glory started showing signs of nutrient starvation and desalination rate after 3 days declined. ANOVA shows that there was no significant difference between the control and morning glory treatment means at a 95 percent confidence level for pH, EC, TDS and salinity. This research can be optimised by continuously removing spent morning glory and re-introducing fresh ones in 3 days intervals until desalination is complete. An optimised phytodesalination method using morning glory can be useful in developing a cost-effective management technique for reducing salt loading in freshwater streams.
Agricultural and Environmental Engineering
Copyright (c) 2020 Kiridi, E. A , Zalmon, G. P https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
CONTROL OF YAM ROT WITH PLANT EXTRACT OF Curcuma longa, Syzygium aromaticum AND Cinnamomum verum
ABSTRACT The storage rot of yam (Dioscorea Spp) start from the field to the storage barn. Fungi pathogens affecting yam tubers are controlled using pesticides or plant extract. Diseases and healthy yam specie of Dioscorea rotundata were collected from different market (Eke Awka and Nkwo Amaenyi). The plant samples used were Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Syzygium aromaticum(Clove) and Cinnamomum verum (Cinnamon) and were dried under room temperature for three days then extracted using Soxhlet extractor before analysis. The antimicrobial activities of the plant extracts on fungi associated with rotting yams were obtained. Fungi isolation was done from the samples using standard procedures. The isolated fungi were identified as Aspergillus flavus,Aspergillus niger,Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani etc. The treatment were given to the organism at 4mg/ml each of the three extract. From the analysis, result showed that all the extract have significant effect on the growth of the organism. The inhibition of the growth of these fungi was due to the fact that the plant contain active phytochemical component. This study shows that the extract can as well be used for the control of human fungi pathogen. It was also recommended that people should ensure they consume enough turmeric, clove and cinnamon in other to help prevent and fight against diseases and pharmaceutical industries should ensure to use these plant extract in the production of antifungal drugs.
CONTROL OF YAM ROT WITH PLANT EXTRACT OF Curcuma longa, Syzygium aromaticum AND Cinnamomum verum.
Copyright (c) 2020 Omaka Onyekachi, Okafor Chiwetalu Chimemelie, Ifediba Faith Amarachi, . Nwankwegu Agatha Chioma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Study of Extraction of Oil from Coconut Using Ethanol and Hexane
As the economic demand for vegetable oils increases, there is a need for improved recovery from source seeds to offset the rising demand. In many cases, the choice of extraction solvent has become a major concern owing to the different yield performance of different solvents. In most cases, ethanol has often been preferred. This is as a result of combined factors of lack of proper knowledge of several other commercially available alternatives and possibly, the technical and economic advantage it offers. This work, therefore, presents a comparative experimental investigation of two solvents (n-hexane and ethanol) performed at the Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering Laboratory, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, using a sohxlet extractor. This study primarily focuses on the technical advantage of using n-hexane for seed oil extraction over the conventional ethanol using a two-stage experimental procedure was used – a seed oil extraction stage and a solvent recovery sage. In each stage, the coconut seed sample were subjected to the same experimental conditions and the yield performance is comparatively analyzed. The results of this investigation show that the n-hexane is a better solvent for the extraction of the sample coconut oilseed. The variation of solvent yield with temperature, extraction time and solvent concentration were plotted and analyzed in order to estimate and also forecast the effect of the parameters on solvent yield and also establish an optimal condition for optimal solvent yield. As part of the scope of this work, key recommendations are provided to ensure optimal solvent yield for coconut oil extraction.
Copyright (c) 2020 Gorge Ebuka Nwalutu, Ifeanyi Samson Nwankwo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0